M I D - E A S T    C E N T U R Y :
  Turning Points in Middle East History in the 20th Century
 

  It was sometime early in 1914 - the exact date not known for sure. Lord
  Kitchener, Great Britain's man in charge of the Middle East, had a very
  important visitor who had come to Cairo from Mecca to see him. The
  visitor had been sent by his father, Sherif Hussein, the leading member
  of the Hashemite family, at that time the traditional "guardians" of
  Islam's holiest sites in Mecca and Medina.

  The visitor was a young Arab prince, Abdullah, son of Hussein of Mecca.
  And the Middle East has never been the same again. Abdullah's meeting
  with Kitchener had a decisive influence on the entire history of the
  Middle East throughout the rest of the century. In a sense, the Arab
  world has never freed itself from the shackles and intriques that began
  at this time.

  And so the British-Hashemite alliance was born. Lawrence of Arabia was
  soon to follow, Lawrence bonding with another of Hussein's sons, Feisal,
  urging him to the Paris Peace Conference in 1918. It was at this Anglo-
  American-French "Peace To End All Peace", as it has come to be known,
  that the boundaries of today's Middle East were carved out, twisting and
  disfiguring the contrived borders of the region for all time. The dream
  of Arab unity was destroyed on the alter of Arab tribal and family
  rivalries.

  Additional deals with other Arab families -- the al-Saud's who were soon
  to defeat the Hashemites in Arabia, the al-Sabah's in Kuwait carved out
  of Iraq, and still others in Bahrain and the Gulf Emirates --
  successfully divided the Middle East into small, competing, easily-
  manipulated and controlled entities that have continued until modern
  times.

  It was only a few years after the Abdullah-Kitchener meeting in Cairo --
  with the Ottoman Empire defeated and the Hashemites on the run from
  Arabia -- that the British created a throne for Abdullah in Amman, and
  another for his brother Feisal in Baghdad. Armed with British money and
  guns, but expelled from Arabia by ibn Saud, the Hashemites were thus able
  to establish their rule in this crucial areas to which they had no
  previous claim.

  The young Abdullah fell to an assassin's bullet at al-Aksa Mosque in
  Jerusalem in 1951, the young Hussein at his side, the bullet meant for
  him deflected by the medals on his chest. Feisal's heir, Feisal the
  Second, was assassinated in 1958, the Hashemite clan dragged through the
  bloody streets of Baghdad, the country on the road to the Ba'ath counter-
  reaction that then lead to Saddam.

  And now, in 1999, the great grandson of the Abdullah who met with
  Kitchener, Abdullah the Second, himself mothered by the daughter of a
  British military officer, Toni Gardner, now living quietly in the suburbs
  of Washington, sits on the last remaining Hashemite throne and is touring
  the Western world begging for more money and more guns as did his
  ancestors before him.

  All at such a tremendous historic price in blood and fortune for the
  people and societies of the Arab world. (5/11/99)